This tallies with official estimates of the number of non-conflict related deaths reported by a book credited to the Party History Research Institute (which estimated that 1,490,300 deaths took place in China during the Cultural Revolution). All . Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press. these estimates re-examine the characterization of the cultural revolution as a primarily urban phenomenon and suggest that the largest proportion of these deaths took place between 1968-1971, after the end of the period of 'popular rebellion' and factional conflict. Millions of pet cats were killed too, because they were seen as a bourgeois affectation. In China as a whole, about 397,000 urban residents were expelled from the cities to their ancestral villages (MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, 2006: 123). The campaign lasted longer and claimed more lives than any other movement during the Cultural Revolution. They told me my parents were bad people and my grandfather, who liked red wine, drank blood.. [xxiv], February 1971 to 1976: The occasional outburst of civilian unrest during this time period resulted in mass killings, as in the case of the razing of the Muslim town of Shadian (resulting in roughly 1,600 deaths) and the Tiananmen uprising of 1976 (resulting in close to 10,000 deaths nationwide).[xxv]. 2005. Lecture_11-China_Cultural_Revolution - LECTURE 11: THE New York: Cambridge University Press. With Maos approval, over ten thousand soldiers, policemen and militiamen were deployed at Tiananmen Square on April 4-5 to crack down on the uprising. We don't know the portion related to struggle sessions,. Maos attempt to find a political successor failed over and over again as each candidate was revealed to possibly challenge Mao or his policies. On August 26, Kang Sheng denounced Zhu as the leader of a reactionary line, and voiced support for an armed suppression of the masses supporting Zhu. The flames of the Cultural Revolution were fuelled by Maos Little Red Book, which was filled with slogans to inspire Communist Party members, such as: The Cultural Revolution: A Peoples History, 1962-1976 by Frank Dikotter (Bloomsbury Publishing) is on sale now. Disclaimer | Millions of people were arrested and terrorized by the Red Guards, the Cultural Revolution's paramilitary youth organization. This is also among the few peacetime cases. [xxviii] The CCP declared the Cultural Revolution a resounding success and announced a return to the political status quo, officially ending the campaign.[xxix]. In some areas, such as Chongqing city of Sichuan Province, Xiamen city of Fujian Province, and Changchun city of Jilin Province, advanced tanks, modern armored vehicles and new warships were all used in factional battles. At one school in Wuxan, in the south of the country, students beat to death geography teacher Wu Shufang then forced another teacher to rip out his heart and liver, which the pupils barbecued and ate. Published May 16, 2016. Out of all 57 counties in the province, 28 experienced two types of massacres: 1) pogroms against traditional class enemies by government-led perpetrators; and 2) mass killings in political witch-hunts by new organs of power. ), Xintian xian zhi [Xintian county Annals] 1995, Beijing: Xin hua chu ban she. Lee, Hong Yung. On the 50th anniversary of the upheaval, we look at images that one brave photographer hid from the government. That said, it is difficult to check these estimates in the absence of access to the Chinese national archives that remain restricted. Fei guang fang ji lu de li shi zhen xiang: Gong chan Zhongguo wu shi nian [The Unofficially Recorded Historical Truth: Fifty Years of the Communist China], Hong Kong: Open Magazine Press, 1999, pp. In Wuhan city, Hubei Province, 32 private citizens were killed and 62 were forced to commit suicide (Wang, 1995: 72). Terms for Creating and Maintaining Sites, Documenting declines in civilian fatalities, www.massviolence.org/Article?id_article=551. China Is Not Celebrating Cultural Revolution's 50th Anniversary - NBC News Maos strategy for the Cultural Revolution included using forces both within and outside the Party to defeat his rivals in the Party and to bolster his own primacy, all in a manner inseparably linked to his political idealism. The Cultural Revolution: Historical Truth and Collective Memories, Hong Kong: Greenfield Book Store, pp. A photo taken in June 1966 shows Red Guards, along with high school and university students, waving copies of Chairman Mao Tse-tungs Little Red Book as they parade in Beijings streets. Maos china and after: A history of the peoples republic. The average death toll based on the aforementioned six investigators figures is nearly 2.95 million. Thousands of educators were publicly denounced and physically abused in struggle sessions by the rampaging students in Beijings secondary schools and universities. 1971; February: The campaign of Investigation on the May 16 Counterrevolutionary Clique was a brutal one in the chain of movements in Jiangsu Province. The revolutionary committees were formally established as the organs of government. 2008. During the same period in the Guilin Special District, the death toll was 9,087, which was almost five times as high as the death toll before the July 3 Public Notice was issued (Wu, 2003: 46-57) **. 9 Things You Should Know About China's Cultural Revolution The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a violent sociopolitical movement in Mainland China from 1966 until Mao Zedong's death in 1976. Killing for and by the New Organs of Power (1968-1971). Women werent meant to have long hair, high heels or make up. The Red Guards burned 2.3 million books and 3.3 million paintings, art objects, and pieces of furniture. First, while the Party Central required the military forces to support Left revolutionary rebels, it did not clearly indicate who the Left was. And over the last decade, her three-bedroom condo on the campus of the University of Chicago has morphed into a full-blown repository. This was the first case of the killing of educators in China by the Red Guards and other militant students. Fabricated charges and forced confessions led to the persecution of a vast number of people as alleged members of the new Inner Mongolia Peoples Revolutionary Party. In August, the mass supported by General Zhu launched an offensive against the opponent mass organization, blocking railways and highways in the region. A guide to midterm election guides, Your last-minute guide for voting in 2022 Los Angeles city elections, Your guide L.A. city controller race: Paul Koretz vs. Kenneth Mejia, Endorsement: Retain Chief Justice Patricia Guerrero, Supreme Court and appeals justices, Anchorage Zen Community seeks awareness sitting in silence, Leah Remini alleges during rape-trial testimony that Scientology targeted Paul Haggis, Putin-linked businessman admits to U.S. election meddling, Qatars promise of carbon neutral World Cup raises doubts, Missile tests were practice to attack South Korea and the U.S., North Korea says. February 1971 to 1976: Mao and the CCP campaigned to investigate the counterrevolutionaries that had supposedly caused the violence of the previous years, enabling the arbitrary elimination of any potential opponents of the revolutionary committees. This means that we may include adverts from us and third parties based on our knowledge of you. As Celia Hatton reports, the death row images are shedding new light on a co. HASIGEERLE, 2009, Nei ren dang yuan an qin li ji [My experience in the unjust case of Inner Mongolia Peoples Revolutionary Party], Yan Huang Chun Qiu Magazine [Chinese Magazine of Historical Archives], 1: 25-30. In 1968, the government accused him of counterrevolutionary activities and raided his apartment. After the incident was reported to the Party Central, Mao decided to re-organize the leadership of the Ganzhou Military Sub-District and the Jianxi Provincial Military District (Bu, 2008: 582-583) **. It will be the same for the millions who suffered in the Cultural Revolution.. In the battle, 108 noncombatants were killed and several cases of torture followed. 1967; July - September: Ferocious factional armed struggles between two mass organizations occurred in Chongqing City, Sichuan Province, involving tanks and machine guns. Among the first to perish in the purges was Wangs high school principal, Bian Zhongyun. China's Cultural Revolution, Explained - The New York Times The widespread phenomenon of mass killings in the Cultural Revolution consisted of five types: 1) mass terror or mass dictatorship encouraged by the government victims were humiliated and then killed by mobs or forced to commit suicide on streets or other public places; 2) direct killing of unarmed civilians by armed forces; 3) pogroms against traditional class enemies by government-led perpetrators such as local security officers, militias and mass; 4) killings as part of political witch-hunts (a huge number of suspects of alleged conspiratorial groups were tortured to death during investigations); and 5) summary execution of captives, that is, disarmed prisoners from factional armed conflicts. Considering that the Cultural Revolution took place in China during a period when it was not invaded by other states, the number of victims estimated above is extremely high. Despite the fact that the Chinese government had received urgent requests to curtail the wave of violence that was unfolding every day, Mao and the Party Central did not want to address the issue, as they appeared to view it as a necessary feature of rebellion, and the suffering of victims as acceptable collateral damage (Walder, 2009: 148). More than 130,000 May 16 elements were uncovered in that province after 1968. With her family locked up she became a political orphan and, at the age of seven, was sent to a school on a military base for 10 years with other children of traitors. The Cultural Revolution. [xxxiii] Macfarquhar and Schoenhals 2006, 457. On this date in 1968, a "rightist" student whose critique of the Cultural Revolution was not blunted by the rigors of imprisonment was informed that her jail sentence had been changed to execution which was immediately imposed at Shanghai's Longhua Airport. WU, Ruoyu, 2003, Wenge Guangxi da tu sha [Guangxi Massacre during the Cultural Revolution], Beijing Spring, 123: 46-57. Atrocities also began to occur in the countryside, as the implicit authorization of violence drove pogroms and enabled the elimination of political rivals and opposition on the local level. All reactionaries are paper tigers. Mao unleashed the frenzied "Cultural Revolution" during the 1960s, which historians view as a veiled attempt to eliminate all opposition. Under the name of the Chinese Holocaust Memorial, the site keeps a running list of victims of the purges in the academe. To this day, Cheng still remembers finding his father, a high school vice principal, slumped over a sandbox steps away from his old office after being beaten with long sticks by his own students. Peasants from the countryside read a letter from the Communist Party addressed to Chinese peasants in Shangzhi County in 1968. Non-Discrimination | During two days of violent encounters, 26 people were killed and 74 injured (Zhu, 2000: 312) ***. A similar . Forum: Mao and the Cultural Revolution in China: Commentaries on Maos Last Revolution and Reply by the Authors. Journal of Cold War Studies 10(2): 97-130. This revolution was a power struggle within the Communist Party of China. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. [xv] Third, were the dynamics of violence itself, which, once initiated fed further radicalism. It claimed the lives of several million people and inflicted cruel and inhuman treatments on hundreds of million people. Mao clearly saw the public disorder resulting from the campaign, and he attempted to dismantle the Red Guard in 1967 prior to their forcible suppression by removing its leadership to the countryside for reeducation, and continuing to rusticate urban youth from former Red Guard hub cities for years afterwards. In Bobai County, 100 class enemies were executed (Bobai, 1994: 31). Among those victims, the oldest was 80 years of age, and the youngest only 32 days. WUGANG xian zhi bian zhuan wei yuan hui [Editorial Board of the Wugang county Annals] (ed. We should support whatever our enemies oppose and oppose whatever our enemies support. According to an official source, some 346,000 people were framed and randomly accused, 75 percent of whom were Mongols, and widespread humiliation and torture led to 16,632 deaths and 87,180 cases of permanent deformity, making this program of fabricated cases one of the gravest episodes of injustice during the Cultural Revolution (Guo, 2006: 120-121) ***. Walder, Andrew. In order to pave the way for the establishment and enhancement of these new organs of power as soon as possible, Mao launched several new political campaigns, which led directly to mass killings on the largest scale to occur during the Cultural Revolution. In Fengshan County, armed troops and local militias arrested about 10,000 individuals and killed 1,016 noncombatants from the rival mass faction (Wu, 2003: 46-57) **. Furthermore, 4,922 of the 6,843 officially designated places of cultural or historical interest in Beijing were destroyed. War can only be abolished through war, and in order to get rid of the gun it is necessary to take up the gun. Disturbed by these attempts to restrain his power, Mao began laying the groundwork for the Cultural Revolution in 1965 to purge all potential opposition to his leadership. New York: Walker & Company. All-round Civil War in China (January December 1967), III. STNN, ttp://www.stnn.cc/reveal/200704/t20070407_509166.html. The second internal conflict was between Mao and Deng Xiaoping/Zhou Enlai. On August 22, at the climax of the mass terror in Beijing and other major cities, the CCP CC issued a directive entitled Stipulations of the Ministry of Public Security forbidding the use of police force to suppress the revolutionary student movements, which fueled the violence and put the targets of the Red Guards, several thousand people, in a virtually defenseless position. ZHANG, Cheng, Hunan Daoxia nong chun da tu sha [Massacre in Dao county, Hunan province], in SONG, Yongyi ed. Cultural Revolution - Wikipedia 1991, China's Bloody CenturyGenocide and Mass Murder since 1900, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. WANG, Youqin, 2004, Wenge shou nan zhe: quan yu po haijian jin yu sha lu de xu fang shi lu [Victims of the Cultural Revolution: An Investigative Account of Persecution, Imprisonment and Murder], Hong Kong: Open Press. 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